Ballard Fuel Cell :: essays research papers

THE BALLARD FUEL CELL The Ballard fuel cell is a power generating device which combines hydrogen (which can be obtained from methanol, natural gas, petroleum) and oxygen without the use of combustion in order to generate electricity. Since fuel cells operate very quietly and efficiently and their only emissions are pure water and heat they are expected to be the future of power generating machines. The PEM fuel cell is made of two plates with a plastic membrane coated with a catalyst in the middle. Hydrogen is then fed through the channels on one side of the plates and oxygen is fed through the other side. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms are drawn toward each other. Only one part of the hydrogen atom – the proton – can pass through the membrane. The electron has to take the long way around through an external circuit. This creates electricity. The oxygen side attracts protons and electrons that have traveled through the external circuit. This is where the byproducts water and heat are formed. Each fuel cell operates continuously as long as hydrogen is supplied. Single cells are combined to produce the required amount of power. PEM fuel cells operate at around 90 degrees Celsius and give off 90 degrees Celsius of heat, which is a fairly low temperature. This is much better than high temperature combustion engines, which operate at about 2500 degrees Celsius and give off 125 degrees Celsius of heat. This means the Ballard fuel cell can react quickly to load changes and makes it ideal for motor vehicles. Which is why Honda, Nissan, Volkswagen Yamaha, Daimler Chrysler and Ford have commercialized the use of these cells. The cities of Vancouver and Chicago are currently testing Ballard’s fuel cell transit buses. They are seeing the maintenance requirements of the pollution free buses as well as the public reaction to the program.

A Second Depression Predicted from History

The factors contributing to the struggle of working class Americans during the Depression are still relevant today. Clues as to the imminent occurrence of a second Depression can be found by comparing the Great Depression to today’s economic climate.The following essay compares contributing factors to the struggles of working class society during the time of the Depression and today. Key factors to be analyzed are; low wages and unemployment rates, unfair tax laws and foreign and American economic influences, as well as American spending.Low wages are as much a problem today as they were during the Depression. One out of four working families in America today are low income; earning wages which are so low that it is nearly impossible for them to survive financially (Waldron, et.al., 2004). Key characteristics in today’s poor include; low-paying jobs, inadequate benefits and little-to-no job advancement opportunities and lack of skills and/or education (2004).Presently t he economy demands high skilled workers, due to the rise in technology. Low paying service jobs are still available and needed by the economy, yet the United States has not taken the proper action to support employees of such jobs and thus their needs and those of their families, go unmet (2004). Lack of proper support by government reduces the chances for families of low paying service jobs to make or plan a solid future.Policies and regulations today are inadequate for the needs of the poor; much like during the Depression. Suggestions for the improvement of poverty-stricken American’s involve the creation of better paying jobs, better access to education, training and health care and better benefits; all these items are available to better paid employees. It is suggested that in order to accomplish these things, Americans must effectively invest public resources (2004).Research has shown that the level of education strongly influence living standards in America; for exampl e, thirty-five percent of low-income families have a parent who did not graduate high school (2004).America’s poor struggle with balancing their wages; the majority of their income is going to housing and utilities, not leaving enough for health care. This is a concern because without health care, America’s poor miss work or lose their job because of illness. The struggles of low-paid workers in America are similar to that of workers during the Depression. Education and skills were as important, and difficult, to obtain today as in the 1930s.As in the 1930s, tax structures and investments affect working Americans significantly. Public assistance varies and is mandated by state; however the maximum amount of earnings allowed by any state in America is so low, that if a family wanted to maintain health insurance after reaching the maximum income level, it is close to impossible. Some states only allow a maximum yearly income level of ten thousand dollars. Once reaching t he maximum amount, public assistance is no longer available. There were similar concerns of how to help America’s poor during the Depression.The Dust Bowl migration of the 1930s demonstrates the struggles and political policies which affected the poor during the Depression. During the Dust Bowl migration, families from Oklahoma and surrounding states headed for California during the Depression, in search for a better life in the growing agricultural state (Gregory, 2004). The Depression affected everyone, but especially farmers in Oklahoma and surrounding states; the severe drought made it all the worse.Unemployment rates were high across the country; farmers and those in the city experienced joblessness. The poor were often discriminated against by states; many states were unwilling to allow the poor to relocate to their states (Gregory, 2004). California, for example, set up a boarder patrol to keep poor migrants out of the state. It wasn’t until 1941, that the Supre me Court decided that states had no right to restrict fellow Americans from migrating to their state (2004). Â  There were attempts by some counties to help educated farmers; as well as give minor health care services.

Bullying Bullying And Bullying - 1394 Words

The Oxford dictionary defines a bully as a â€Å"person who uses strength or influence to harm or intimidate those who are weaker.† It is however difficult to define bullying as there are different types of bullying. Bullying can be verbal, non-verbal, violent and non-violent. The reactions to bullying are also varied. While some do not mind bullying, some get severely affected by it. There are also others who grow stronger under constant bullying. Bullying can also occur at all ages and different environments. Kids, teenagers, and adults get bullied at school, in the Internet and at work. Bullying can also be quite subtle where the bullied person is just ignored or treated like an outcast. Whatever forms bullying might take, it has been recognized as a worldwide problem. Bullying in schools is prevalent in almost all the countries and it serves as a major health and safety problem for the kids (Juvonen Graham, 2014). There are many ways in which people try to solve the problem of bullying. There are anti bullying assemblies in schools, seminars, lectures and many other initiatives. There is also the recent trend of publicity shaming bullies. However, all these measures do not really go far in solving the problem. The effective solution to stop bullying would be to start at the beginning-teaching kids about differences and encouraging them to be acceptable to everyone. Setting an example for them through proper behavior and di scussions at home would go a long way in preventingShow MoreRelatedBullying And Bullying : Bullying1180 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is defined as unwanted or aggressive behavior that causes someone to feel afraid or intimidated. This behavior could be something physical, verbal, or something done electronically or through social media. If someone feels threatened by someone’s actions or words, it could be considered bullying, even if that was not the intent.There are many types of bullying, how to recognize bullying, how to report bullying, what to do if you see incidents of bullying, and what resources are availableRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying985 Words   |  4 PagesBullying You may hear the word bullying a lot but never actually knew what it meant, well know is the time to know and be aware of what’s happening around you. Bullying is the use of force, threat, or aggressively dominate others. Bullying is common worldwide but there are specific types that are more common than others, there are four types of common bullying one of them is verbal bullying meaning when someone calls another person name, treating, and making disrespectful comments about someone isRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1366 Words   |  6 PagesKyle McBrady Ms. Coyle English 2A (3) 9 December 2014 Bullying Leading to Violence Bullying is when a person abuses his power to another person by causing physical or mental harm to the victim who is often weaker, says Dictionary.com (Bullying). This definition can be applied to a recent story in The Washington Post, where bullying caused a student by the name of Jaylen Fryberg to shoot his friends in a lunchroom cafeteria. Jaylen and his girlfriend had recently broken up and she began cyberbullyingRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1000 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying was defined as overly powered strength used when intimidating one, demanding ones request. Cyberbullying was defined as using electronic devices such as computers, texting, cellphones, iPad’s, etc. Bullying and Cyberbullying are similar in so many ways. One major similarity is aggressiveness, which is used to cause harm to a victim. They both are done to cause the victim pain. Cyberbullying and Bullying are neither often reported. Bullying is repeated behavior over and over again. ThoseRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying880 Words   |  4 Pages Ever since this incident administrators have taken serious actions and the bullying has dramatically decreased. Students ceased to create rumors about him. They don’t physically abuse him or call him names in front of his peers anymore. However, he still gets talked about behind his back but of course it’s not as bad as before. He visits his counselor on a weekly basis and things have gotten much better. I’m glad that I stuck around to be there for him while he struggled with such a horrible timeRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1387 Words   |  6 PagesAn average bullying session lasts about 37 seconds; an adult intervenes in the problem about one in twenty-five times (Bullying Facts). Bullying is seen as aggressive and unwanted behavior between two or more people (Aspa).   Most people who are not involved in the actions going on do not really know it’s happening.   Most parents do not even know when their child, or children, are being bullied (Bullying Facts).   Bullying can be prevented if the right consequences take place.   Parents and schoolsRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying769 Words   |  4 Pagesphysically bullied on the premise and cyber-bullying. The females reported more Cyber-bullying, off-school premises, through text massages and social media outlets. The males reported a higher rate of physical bullying on the school premise than the females. Students reported the occurrence of physical intimidation preventing younger students to access hallways. Also, student’s who are perceived as â€Å"different† are target and taunted. Currently, the bullying behavior seems to be accepted by the staffRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying948 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying Teasing and playing around are all part of growing up; however, what happens when it happens over and over. The Hernando County Code of Conduct defines bullying as: systematically and chronically inflicting physical hurt or psychological distress, or physical behavior, including and threatening, insulting, or dehumanizing gesture, by a student or adult, that is severe or pervasive enough to create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive educational environment; cause discomfort orRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying Essay1924 Words   |  8 Pages Bullying is a very touchy subject for people to talk about. It deals with a lot of mental, physical, and emotional damage. Bullying is violent and unwelcoming behavior among various different aged children in school that involves a lack of power for one kid and a lot of power for another. The behavior of a bully is repeated numerous times over time and becomes more aggressive as the path goes on. The bully has an imbalance of pow er over the one being bullied. They bully uses their power for givingRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying941 Words   |  4 PagesThere are different ways to describe bullying. Stopbullying.gov states the definition of bullying is â€Å"unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance.† Webster’s dictionary portrays the definition of bullying is to frighten, hurt, or threaten (a smaller or weaker person): to act like a bully toward (someone), or to cause (someone) to do something by making threats or insults or by using force. Violenceproventionworks.org mentions A person

How to Test for Protein in Food

Protein is an essential nutrient that builds muscle in the body. Its also easy to test for. Heres how: Protein Test Materials Calcium oxide (sold as quicklime in building supply stores)Red litmus paper (or another method to test pH)Â  WaterCandle, burner, or another heat sourceEye-dropperTest tubeMilk or other foods to test Procedure Because milk contains casein and other proteins, its a good food to start your testing with. Once you understand what to expect from testing milk, you can examine other foods. Add a small amount of calcium oxide and five drops of milk to a test tube.Add three drops of water.Dampen the litmus paper with water. Water has a neutral pH, so it should not change the color of the paper. If the paper does change color, start again using distilled water rather than tap water.Carefully heat the test tube over a flame. Hold the damp litmus paper over the mouth of the test tube and observe any color change.If protein is present in a food, the litmus paper will change color from red to blue. Also, smell the test tube: If protein is present, you should be able to detect the odor of ammonia. Both of these indicate a positive test for protein. If protein is not present in the test sample (or is in insufficient concentration to produce adequate ammonia during testing), the litmus paper will not turn blue, resulting in a negative test for protein. Notes About the Protein Test Calcium oxide reacts with protein to break it down into ammonia. The ammonia changes the acidity of the sample, causing a pH change. If your food is already very alkaline, you wont be able to use this test to detect protein. Test the pH of food to see if it changes the litmus paper prior to performing the protein test.Milk is an easy food to test because its a liquid. To test solids, such as meat, cheese, or vegetables, you must first grind the food by hand or by using a blender. You may need to mix the food with some water to make a sample you can test.The test registers a change in pH, which is the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous or water-based solution. Most foods contain water, so they work fine for the test. However, oily foods may not work as well. You cant test pure vegetable oil, for example, because it doesnt contain any water. If you test greasy foods, such as french fries or potato chips, youll need to mash them up and mix them with a bit of water first.

A Brief Note On The World Of A Big World - 1286 Words

Rachhpal Singh 12/10/15 Eng. 125 Mr. Jordan Dakin Really Small Thing in a Big World With the boom of modern technology in the late 19th century it has only grown from helping human like through medical innovations to bringing the worst of humanity in the time of war like weaponing tear gas by the French then poison gas by Germany in World War 1. This has not been the first advances in technology. Railroad made transporting large quantity of products from one states to the others faster. Telegrams and telephones made it easier to communicate over large areas in very short time. And then came the internet which tore down all borders and shrunk the world into a new state where a person could communicate with another siting in other country†¦show more content†¦Nanotechnology can revolutionize the world in the fields of medicine, environment, technology, etc. In â€Å"Nanotechnology Could Alleviate Many of the Problems of the Developing World† Heller, Jacob, and Christine Peterson stated that â€Å"A Paper by Fabio Sala mance-Buentello et al. founded that nanotechnology could be applied to attain at least five of the eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG).† United Nations Millennium Development Goals are as followed: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating HIV and AIDs, malaria and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing a Global Partnership for development. Photovoltaic cells based on quantum dot technology, nanocrystals for hydrogen creation and the production of hydrogen storage systems based on carbon nanotubes would significantly improve environmentally sustainable development (Heller, Jacob, and Christine Peterson). â€Å"Although hydrogen is an alternative to fossil fuels, it formation, storage and conversion to electricity as facing technological challenges. However, in the use of water as a renewable resource to produce hydrogen, the uses of nanocphoto catalysts have shown promise.,† argued Karunaratne,

Sexual Harrasment in Egypt Free Essays

Sexual harassment is a common occurrence here in Egypt whether it’s verbal or physical harassment. As sad as it may seem I was never affected by this problem until it happened to me a couple of months ago. I was walking one afternoon with my mother and young sister on Baghdad Street we were window shopping and having fun, but suddenly out of the blue a guy passing by with a bicycle touched me in an inappropriate way. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harrasment in Egypt or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first I was too shocked to do anything and by the time I started to yell it was too late the guys had disappeared down the street.When that happened to me I began to pay more attention to the situation in Egypt because sexual harassment in Egypt is increasing at a alarming rate and it needs to be stopped. It not only happened to me but it also happened to some of my friends and relatives, the streets of Cairo are unsafe for woman no matter how early or late the time is there is always a possibility of sexual harassment. There are many reasons for sexual harassment and its effects on women are catastrophic women are afraid to walk on the streets for fear of harassment, it also have a major effect on the society and it affects how we Egyptian are viewed to the world.One of the main reasons that sexual harassment happens is because the harasser can get away with it and that affects women and our society. In Egypt there is no punishment for sexual harassment people could do it and get away with it (Reem Leila). This has many effects to it, first when harassers realize that they could harass and get away with it there is nothing stopping them from doing it again and that makes the women more afraid of walking on the streets in Egypt and if they did walk on the streets they wouldn’t feel safe always looking behind their backs always expecting to be harassed.Moreover it also affect the society for example the incident that happened in down town Cairo that groups of men started to aggressively attac k women in front of a movie theater( El Khashab). The shop keepers who tried to help the victims were hit by the attackers (EL Khashab) and that made most of them afraid to help the women which led to more harassment and women screaming on the streets and that led to the anger of society as a hole against the government because not only women are being harassed but men were hit for trying to help they blame the government for not putting policemen on the streets on such a busy day and for allowing the arassers to get away with what they did. Sexual harassment not only affects the victims but it also affects the society. As sexual harassment here in Egypt began to increase people started to blame the victims saying that they brought it upon themselves and that it was there faults for making men harass them (Abdelhadi). People say that because of the way women dress they are harassed which is unfair because when the ECWR (Egyptian Center of Women’s Rights) conducted a study on this they found out that veiled women are more often harassed then women with no veil (Fayed).When women are blamed for this they will not be able to report on harassment and they will start to blame themselves for causing the harassment to happen and start to believe what the people are saying. Then women will be too ashamed of being physically harassed that they won’t even mention it to anyone even their families which is unfair and morally wrong to accuse them in the first place.This will also lead to women being afraid on the streets for when they hear that they are blamed for the harassment they will want to go out less and always want to stay at home they will be afraid to go to their work and that is really sad because women deserve to be free and not live in fear in Egypt. Police stations disregard sexual harassment saying that it’s not their problem that women are harassed (Fayed) and that makes the society angry because it’s the police job to take care of the women and they are not doing anything to stop sexual harassment from happening.Not only is sexual harassment ruining our society, but also tourism is affected too. According to ECWR 82% of foreigners are sexually harassed here in Egypt foreign embassies in Egypt have been receiving many complaints against the harassment in the streets. They are very worried about the safety of their female nationals (Reem Leila) ,and now foreigners here in Egypt are advised by their embassies to be very cautious when they are on the street and try as hard as they could not to be alone (Reem Leila). This has many effects on Egypt because it not only tarnishes the view of Egypt and the Egyptians it also makes tourism happen less and less.In Egypt we depend on the tourism income, and because of sexual harassment either verbal or physical tourism began to decrease. Tourists are advised not to come to Egypt and if they did they should expect to be sexually harassed. When tourism starts to decrease some of the people whose job depends on tourists will be out of business and then they will become poor and poverty rate will increase in Egypt. It also affects us Egypti ans as we are viewed through their eyes they will think that all Egyptian men are harassers and there are no good people in our society which is sad because nit all men are like that. There are lots of thing that needs to be done to prevent sexual harassment from happening. There should be police officers in crowded areas to prevent the repletion of the down town incident. Women should have the right to report about sexual harassment and not be laughed at, and there should be new laws that punish harassers so that they cannot get away with it every time. People should stop blaming the women for being sexually harassed and try to think of solutions to prevent it and not making the women feel ashamed. How to cite Sexual Harrasment in Egypt, Papers

Education in America free essay sample

Education in America Malcolm X once said, â€Å"Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today. † There are many options available concerning the education of the future men and women of America. Since private schools can be a heavy burden on one’s wallet, most people are left choosing between public education and home schooling. There are many factors that must be considered while deciding which is more suitable. However, some of the most important would be the instructors, how well the students’ needs are met, and the effectiveness of each. They both have their own advantages, and disadvantages, making it difficult to choose between the two. Where a student’s learning takes place is not nearly as important as who is educating them. It is extremely important that the person entrusted with the task of educating students be well qualified to do so. Some parents enjoy the idea of home schooling because they can teach their children themselves, or choose who does. However, the task of ensuring the chosen instructor is of sound credibility can be a daunting one. Although home schooling allows for the opportunity to choose a student’s instructor, the teachers within the public education system are all guaranteed to be certified. They also have a set curriculum for their students that they are comfortable with, while home schooling gives one the chance to oversee the student’s curriculum. One would be able to change lesson plans, or things of that nature as they see fit. Another benefit of home schooling is that the student does not need to change instructors annually. The same one can be used for a number of years allowing for a strong and trusting relationship between them and their pupil. This is only the first step toward ensuring that all of a student’s needs are being met adequately. Every student has their own individual needs that go far beyond simply finding a good instructor. In these areas home schooling may very well have the upper hand because public education simply is not flexible when it comes to things such as scheduling, and class size. Some students work better in the morning, and some during the afternoon. Home schooling gives the student/parent the right to say when it is best for them to study. This ensures that to student is working to the best of their ability. In addition, home schooling allows the student to learn at a pace which is comfortable to them; as opposed to trying to keep up with a class. The ever growing class size of an average public schoolteacher does not leave very much time to be spent with individual students. Home schooling gives the teacher and student plenty of one-on-one time. This strengthens the aforementioned bond between the pupil and the instructor. All of this helps to ensure that the student will come away with a comprehensive knowledge of everything they are being taught. Although, despite all of this flexibility, public education gives young people something that many home schooled people do not get: socialization. Public schools give students the chance to be around peers and develop social skills that they will need in order to in life. Social life aside, home schooling can be just as effective as a public education would be. In the school year of 2008-09 a total of 3,039,015 public school students received a high school diploma. The Averaged Freshman Graduation Rate for that year was 75. 5 % (Robert, 2011). Although there are no statistics readily available for home schooled students it can be assumed successful simply by the growing numbers over the years. In 1999 there were only 850,000 students being home schooled in the United States; that number rose to 1. million in 2003, and then to a staggering 1,508,000 in 2007 (Bielick, 2008). As the state of our public education system continues to decline, those numbers continue to grow. However, even with the rise in numbers of students now being home schooled, it is still difficult for those students to find a college that accepts home schooling credits. Universities and colleges require some form of a diploma to enroll, but there are multiple solutions to that proble m. A bigger problem is making sure that the student is adequately prepared for college level courses. In a study done in 2005, they found that 39% of recent high school graduates found gaps between what they were prepared for in high school, and what was expected of them in college. Even 42% of college instructors believed that high schools do not adequately prepare their students for college (Peter D. Hart Research Associates, 2005). Due to the fact that a home schooled students’ curriculum can be watched closely, they have the opportunity to be better prepared for college level courses. This also enables them to learn. Education is the key to preparing young men and women to be successful in their future. There are now more options available than ever concerning the education of this nation’s youth. This is why it can be so difficult to choose how and where they should be educated. The students’ needs must be carefully considered before any decisions can be made. Public education and home schooling both have many advantages, and disadvantages, making it difficult to choose between the two. One must look closely at the differences between them, and decide based on their own needs and circumstances, and those of the student.